spillways

ameters: Maximum design flood discharge: 10,000 m³/s Flow regime: Turbulent with significant wave action Estimated wave run-up height: 0.8 meters based on empirical formulas Safety margin: 0.3 meters for debris and operational uncertainties Calculation: Determine the wave run-up height (0.8 m).

draulic structures characterized by a series of horizontal or inclined steps that guide water flow from the crest of a dam to the downstream channel. Unlike smooth spillways, these structures intentionally introduce turbulence and friction through their stepped configuratio