ess and strain fields within a solid, affecting its overall mechanical response. Stress Concentration Defects, especially cracks and voids, act as stress concentrators. The local stress near a defect can be significantly higher tha
ds caused by the escape of gases during solidification, often visible on the surface. 9. Inclusions Non-metallic inclusions such as slag, oxide films, or foreign particles trapped within the metal. 10. Warping and Distortion Deformation of the cast
lth. Multidisciplinary management involving cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, geneticists, and supportive care teams is essential to address the multifaceted challenges posed by AVSDs. Ongoing research and technological innovations promise further improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and pro
