craniofacial

tics. Enlow, D. H., & Hans, M. G. (1996). Essentials of Facial Growth. W.B. Saunders Company. Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W., & Moray, L. J. (2018). Contemporary Orthodontics. Elsevier. Tannan, S., & Proffit, W. R. (2019). Craniofacial growth: A review. Journal of Orthodo

s analyzing the causal factors contributing to dental and craniofacial anomalies. Unlike symptomatic diagnosis, which centers on observable signs, etiology-focused diagnosis seeks to uncover the underlying biologica