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hies to more liberal and democratic governments The rise of nationalism and its influence on political boundaries and identity The impact of industrialization on social structures and class dynamics Major Events Covered in Les

s the formal beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Key Contributions of Martin Luther Justification by Faith Alone: Luther argued that salvation was achieved through faith, not deeds or church sacraments. Authority of Scripture: He promoted sola scriptura, emphasizing the Bible's supr